Abstract. “Astrobiology Is The Field Of Study Focused On

Abstract â€Å"Astrobiology is the field of study focused on searches for life and possible habitats for such life on other worlds† (2014). The science of astrobiology has many areas of study and is important because it helps us find other places in the universe that could be habitable, determine the potential for habitable planets beyond the solar system, and understand those planets that we can observe in the universe. Scientists have many ideas on how to recognize signs of life on other planets (Des Marais et al., 2008). NASA has done many missions to planets and moons in our solar system and beyond, searching for life. ASTROBIOLOGY According to the textbook Astro2, â€Å"Astrobiology is the field of study focused on the search for†¦show more content†¦Habitable world’s research uses the history of life on Earth to discover life on other worlds and how it might develop. It also searches for life that once existed on dead planets. Research in the area of emerging worlds tries to understand how the sun and the planets surrounding it developed. Instrument development programs to see far off worlds involves building satellites and telescopes that can see distant worlds and distant conditions for habitation (â€Å"NASA Astrobiology, n.d.†) Exoplanet research advances our knowledge and understanding of planets outside of our solar system. Its objectives are the detection of exoplanets and their characteristics. Planetary protection involves efforts to not contaminate other planets by introducing hazardous organisms. This keeps other planets in a natural state and it ensures any organisms fou nd by scientists on other planets did not originate from Earth. It also involves protecting our planet from organisms from other worlds. This is done by setting planetary protection policy, designing sterile spacecraft, and planning to protect the Earth from organisms in returned samples. The goal of the laboratory analysis of returned samples is laboratory testing for samples returned from missions to

Gender Differences and Behavior in Schools - 1401 Words

What â€Å"area† have you chosen as the focus for your level 6 research project, why do you think this is worthy of research? My level six research project will be looking into behaviour in schools; this will also carry an element of individual and, correspondingly, gender differences. This is worthy of research as even though there has been a vast amount of research completed already, about behaviour, this specific topic is somewhat less researched. Saying this, it is important to note that this specific topic has been researched previously, and that the only way it can be seen as a less researched topic is when it is compared with wider educational research. This is due to the colossal amount of educational research that has been undertaken†¦show more content†¦The chosen data collection methods, which are; observations, semi-structured interviews and hot air balloon, will all present me with three sets of qualitative data. Optimistically, the hot air balloon method will be set up in a communal area where both Key Stage One staff and pupils can write one attitude towards learning on a post it not e and stick it up for everyone else to see. Furthermore, the semi-structured interviews will just be with the Key Stage One teachers, whilst the observations will only focus on the pupils. These were chosen over other methods because of the title not being compatible with quantitative data. My project intends to discover attitudes towards learning and, more importantly, how they portray themselves in the classroom; therefore, a list of statistics aren’t going to help identify that. On the other hand, a mixed method approach may be considered as it could be beneficial to list the most common attitudes towards learning; this data could be collected using a tally chart (Johnson and Christensen, 2010). What is your chosen research design? Why do you think this is the best way to achieve the project’s aims/research questions? I have opted for a case study research design, as it has been used by other researchers who used similar data collection methods to me (Wilson, 2013, pp.84-86). A case study approach isShow MoreRelatedGender Stereotyping Essay1134 Words   |  5 PagesStereotypical behavior is not a new trend, but rather an ongoing lifestyle for today’s society. Gender stereotyping, a sub-category of stereotypes, opens many revelations, developments, and behaviors. While there are psychologists that differ in opinion, education and employment seems to be the primary sources where it is believed that most people both obtains and acts out their stereotypical behavior (Sax Harper 671). The origins of gender differences are particularly hard to trace, but argumentsRead MoreThe Theory Of Equality And Gender Roles1176 Words   |  5 Pagesthis society? Gender roles are based on the different expectations that individuals, groups, and societies have of individuals based on their sex and based on each society s values and beliefs about gender. Gender roles are the product of the interactions between individuals and their environments, and they give individuals cues about what sort of behavior is believed to be appropriate for what sex. Appropriate gender roles are defined according to a society s beliefs about differences between theRead MoreSingle Sex Classes Should Not Be Incorporated Into Schools Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pagesmale and female students and teaching them in different schools or classes. Although controversial and often looked as antiquated, more Americans have been considering single-sex schools as a viable option since the early 2000’s. The reason? With various problems public school education faces, many parents have been looking at single-sex education as a potential solution to some of those problems. In addition, with the very convincing gender rhetoric those in favor for single-sex schooling use, it’sRead MoreGender Socialization And Gender Roles1452 Words   |  6 Pages120 Professor Lessor 5/14/2016 Gender role in socialization Gender socialization and gender roles have always existed in society. Gender roles are playing major part in our way of living. As we grow, we learn how to behave and respect from those surrounding us as well as children learn at a young age what it means to be a boy or a girl in our society . there are certain roles placed on boys and girls in accordance with their gender. These gender roles are set on children from birth andRead MoreDo Schools and Mass Media Contribute to Stereotyped Gender Roles in Chinese Society?1586 Words   |  6 PagesGender role is defined as the social position and behavioral norm that is considered appropriate for an individual of a specific gender in the society (Liu, 2003). Every society has its unique culture and gender role is one of the products of a society’s history and culture. It is not set up by a single person within a short period, but by countless people in the society for thousands years. Parents started to shape their childrenâ₠¬â„¢s gender by dressing and naming them according to their gender soonRead MoreDifferences Between Girls And Girls1703 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the decades there have been noted differences in the educational realm pertaining to gender. Some debate over the differences in learning style with boys and girls. Others conclude that teachers teach and treat boys and girls differently. Society and other factors can influence and cause discrepancies in the overall educational attainment for boys and girls. Historically men have lead the race in educational achievement. However, since the eighties, women have started to be coequalsRead MoreCorrelation Between Males And Females On Average1152 Words   |  5 Pagesand females on average in reading. In one study females were considered more motivated and exhibited higher mastery in reading. There were several factors that contributed to this conclusion, some being biological and distinctly different from gender to gender. Boys were usually assessed as less developed mentally and developing in different sequences as their female counterparts. The corpus callosum was 20% bigger in females than males. These connect the two hemispheres of the brain. Couple this withRead MoreGender Bias On The Classroom1112 Words   |  5 PagesGender Bias In The Classroom Gender roles are widely accepted societal expectations about how males and females should behave (Rathus, 2010, pg. 447). Gender roles create a difference in the way that masculine and feminine behaviors are accepted among society. Gender roles are often depicted as just a part of who a person is and help better define the difference between male and female. When society begins to use these gender roles as norms we often see those who don’t fit into the correct roleRead MoreGender Sensitivity Is Not About Pitting Women Against Men Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pages Gender sensitivity is not about pitting women against men. On the contrary, education that is gender sensitive benefits members of both sexes. It helps them determine which assumptions in matters of gender are valid and which are stereotyped generalizations. Gender awareness requires not only intellectual understanding and effort but also sensitivity and open-mindedness to change one’s views and limited pers pectives and values. It opens up the widest possible range of life options for both womenRead MorePros and Cons to Single-Sex Schools1271 Words   |  6 PagesSingle-sex Schools In the 1990s, there were a mere 2 single-sex schools present in the United States due to legal restrictions placed on sex-segregation facilities; however, as laws — the No Child Left Behind Act, Breckenridge ruling, and the Wood County ruling — have allowed for single-gender educational facilities, this number has risen to approximately 500 schools (Lewin; NASSPE: Legal). Popularity of single-gender schools stems from the academic success of their students as show by their test

The Theme Of Death In Albert Camuss The Stranger

In his novel The Stranger, albert camus gives expression to his philosophy of the absurd. The novel may be a first-person account of the life of M. Meursault from the time of his mothers death up to a time plainly just before his execution for the murder of an Arab. The central theme is that the importance of human life is known solely in light of mortality, or the actual fact of death; and in showing Meursaults consciousness change through the course of events, Camus shows however facing the chance of death will have a control on ones perception of life. The novel begins with the death of Meursaults mother. though he attends the ceremony, he doesnt request to visualize the body, although he finds it fascinating to think about the†¦show more content†¦He has the fatalistic feeling that whats done is finished, and later explains that he has neer regretted something as a result of he has perpetually been to absorbed by the current moment or by the immediate future to hesitate the past (127). In a sense, Meursault is often tuned in to the meaninglessness of all endeavors within the face of death: he has no ambition to advance socio-economically; hes indifferent regarding being friends with Raymond and regarding marrying Marie; etc. however this awareness is somehow neer intense enough to involve awareness thats, he neer reflects on the that means of death for him till hes in jail awaiting execution. Of course, the meaning of anothers death is sort of distinction from the meaning of ones own death. With the previous, one not sees that person again; with the latter, ones terribly consciousness, as so much as we all know, simply ends blit! as a tv image ends once the set is changed. Death marks all things equal, and equally absurd. And death itself is absurd within the sense that reason or the rational mind cannot upset it: its a bygone conclusion, nevertheless it remains associate unsuccessful risk till some indeterminate future time. The meaning of death isnt rationa l however,Show MoreRelatedThe Stranger by Albert Camus1115 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel, The Stranger, by Albert Camus, the pointlessness of life and existence is exposed through the illustration of Camus’s absurdist world view. The novel tells the story of an emotionally detached, amoral young man named Meursault. Meursault shows us how important it is to start thinking and analyzing the events that happen in our lives. He does this by developing the theme of conflicts within society. Albert Camus’s novel The Stranger portrays Meursault, the main character, as a staticRead MoreKubler-Ross on Gregor Samsa and Meursault1589 Words   |  7 Pagesthe novels The Metamorphosis and The Stranger by Franz Kafka and Albert Camus, Kubler-Ross’s five stages of death are incorporated to emphasize the themes of individualism and isolation. While denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance are common emotions when dealing with death, denial, anger, and accept ance are essential in connecting to Kafka and Camus’s ideas regarding individualism. Through their experiences relating to those three stages of death, the protagonists, Gregor Samsa andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Stranger By Albert Camus1526 Words   |  7 PagesArab, Meursault, would never have gone to prison, and never be tried for murder. Part C: Foil Character In literature, foil characters are used to bring out the distinctive qualities of another character by contrasting with them. In The Stranger, by Albert Camus, Marie Cardona plays the role of a foil character as she brings out Meursault s emotional characteristics. When she told him that she loved him and asked if he loved her, Meursault responded: I answered the same way I had the last timeRead MoreThe Topic of Defiance of Societal Rules in The Stranger Through Absurdism1018 Words   |  5 Pagesthe novel The Stranger by Albert Camus there is a prevalence of characters breaking societal rules, but as a result these characters face the consequences. Albert Camus connects these actions to the overarching themes of the books in order to convey his message more effectively. To what extent does the topic of defiance of societal rules in The Stranger convey the theme of Absurdism in the novel? The sub-themes of femininity, individuality, and isolation connect to the overarching theme of absurdismRead MoreEssay on The Hero in The Stranger by Albert Camus787 Words   |  4 Pages The Hero in Camus’s The Stranger (The Outsider)nbsp; Certain novels include a character who, based solely on his actions, would appear to be evil, but in an in-depth examination, can be seen in a different, more sympathetic light. The character Meursault, in Albert Camus’s The Stranger, is notable for this description. While his murderous crime and indifference to emotions make him seem to be cretinous, his dramatic transformation at the end of the story make us feel for him. When he finallyRead More Futility of Human Existence Exposed in The Guest by Albert Camus2321 Words   |  10 Pageswho despairs of the human condition is a coward, but he who has hope for it is a fool† (Wyatt). As this quote by Albert Camus suggests, he was not a very optimistic writer. His gloomy look on life itself can be seen all too clearly in â€Å"The Guest†. The story itself deals with Camus’s idea of the futility of human existence: the only rational thing anyone can expect is death. Camus’s underlying philosophy is revealed from the very beginning of the story. The French title, â€Å"L’hote†, translates toRead MoreParental Influence on Clashes with Society in Love in the Time of Cholera and The Stranger1620 Words   |  7 Pagessocialization. Latin author, Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez and Algerian writer Albert Camus, introduce how their characters conflict with socialization as a result of their cultivation in Love in the Time of Cholera and The Stranger respectively. In Mà ¡rquez’s novel, the key female role is assigned to Fermina Daza, a middle class Latina in the 1800s-1900s, expected to hold prestige and marry wealthy by her father and societal pressures. In The Stranger, Meursault, the protagonist, develops a niche for logic ratherRead MoreAnalysis Of Albert Camuss The Stranger1070 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Stranger† by Albert Camus is a thought provoking novel that questions morality, society, justice, religion, and individuality. Camus creates a man that goes against society’s idea of the â€Å"normal† moral standards, making Meursault a stranger in his world. Meursault’s lack of emotion and sympathy towards others is what makes this novel so intriguing. The morbidity expressed by his character makes the book hard to read but also difficult to put down. A majority of people today as well as in Meursault’sRead MoreThe Sun in The Stranger by Albert Camus Essay804 Words   |  4 Pagesto fifty-seven of Albert Camus’s The Stranger he uses the relentless Algerian sun as a motif for the awareness of reality that pursues the main character, Meursault, throughout the passage. When each motif appears in the novel such as this passage, Meursault’s actions change. This exemplifies that the light, heat, and sun trigger him to become debilitated or furious. Albert Camus sets up this motif in the passage to indicate to the reader that this motif shows the major themes of this novel. ThisRead MoreThe Stranger a Novel by Albert Camus Essay884 Words   |  4 PagesThe Stranger is a novel by Albert Camus. Albert Camus, a French, Noble prize winning author, journalist and philosopher, was born on the seventh of November 1913. He died on the fourth of January 1960. He was instrumental in bringing the philosophical views of abs urdism to public attention. The Stranger was published in 1942 and is an example of the outlook and themes of Camus’s philosophy of the absurd. Mersault, the narrator and protagonist, is The Stranger. He has cut himself off from the

What Is The Rooney Rule The Rooney Rule Was Established

What is the Rooney Rule? The Rooney Rule was established to encourage diversity in coaching or any top management position in the National Football League. It required teams to interview a minority candidate before making a head coach or head management hire. Do NFL officials still need the Rooney Rule? Yes, the Rooney Rule has helped force owners to cast a wide net, going from who you know system to who’s the best system. What should be done about the lack of minority coaches and general managers? The NFL officials should make it clear that hiring minorities is a priority in all positions. In the past, black coaches were moved slowly up the ranks than white counterparts, despite equal performance and skill sets. White head coaches†¦show more content†¦Of the eight teams in the last four Super Bowls, six of them had a black head coach or general manager. The Panthers, Jets, and Steelers are the only teams with coaching staffs composed of at least 50 percent minoritie s. Two- third of NFL team members are majority black, with only one- third minority coaches who can relate to these players. One prominent minority coach stated that he had been called every day to implement a better college program at another school because the head coach needed minority representation on staff to help with recruiting. The Rooney Rule is still evolving and growing to become better. NFL officials still are experiencing token interviews to full the mandate, when teams know all along they plan to hire someone else. The league can ensure that the teams follow the Rooney Rule by requiring teams to provide transcripts of interviews with minority candidates. That way, the NFL commissioner’s office could judge for themselves whether teams adhered to the rule. Among NFL decision-makers, should work on interview feedback, candidate feedback on what worked and what didn’t work, and what can even be better the next time, will help candidates as they continue thei r quests to become a head coach or manager. If the league does not follow the interview and candidate feedback method, there should be consequences, such as fines. There was once a hard time in the hiring cycle, but there have been a lot of changing hearts andShow MoreRelatedWaste Management Scandal ( 1998 )1173 Words   |  5 PagesWaste Management Scandal (1998) Waste Management Inc. was founded by Dean Buntrock and Wayne Huizenga in 1968. It generated $5.5 million in revenue just the first year and it reached $2 billion in 1985. By 1971, the company became more public after it acquired 133 acquisitions and it became the largest waste hauler in the nation. Waste Management Inc. manages and reduces waste, provides transfer, recycling and disposal services. It is a leading developer in landfill to gas-to-energy and waste-toRead MoreLack of Diversity in Management Coaching in Sports Essay examples1406 Words   |  6 Pagesother minority athletes. In turn when the coaching and management positions in sports are analyzed and broken down, the number of minority coaches and managers in sport are almost non-existent and have been since those sports organization became established. In 2006 Blacks made up about 14% of the population, 12% of all college enrollments, and nearly 24% of all collegiate scholarship athletes. In some major sports, such as basketball and football, blacks make up a great percentage of athletesRead MoreHigh And Middle Income Countries1527 Words   |  7 Pagesevaluate a health care facilities compliance with pre-established performance standards. 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Media can be the cause of all this you might say but, before the 1950s even before the 1900s being a rebel toward every rule of tradition was broken makingRead MoreShould Victorian High Schools Repeal Vce Exams1137 Words   |  5 Pagessecond argument to consider is the uselessness of the VCE exams. A study conducted by Charles R ooney a member of the National Center for Fair and Open testing states that, [More than 275 colleges and universities across the United States, acting on the belief that test scores do not equal merit, do not use the SAT or the ACT to make admissions decisions about some part or all of their freshmen.] What do these exams prove except that they are educationally an injustice? However, I believe theRead MoreReview and Analysis: Best Practices for Online Marketing2489 Words   |  10 Pagescompanys employees, to become members of a well-recognized community; and, Social media becomes a good venue for discussions and becomes a classic goal of marketing and communications, but the companies must ensure that the employees are adhering to the rules and etiquettes of social media (Edosomwan et al., 2011 p. 81). When e-businesses use interactive platforms such as Facebook that allow consumers to post their comments concerning products and services, they enjoy the benefit of virtually free testimonialsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Big Data And An Individual s Privacy1600 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ethics of Big Data and an Individual’s Privacy What is Big Data? Big Data is the mass collection of user data by mathematical algorithms, databases, data mining, and the use of datasets that were once believed to be static and unusable. 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Aristotle’s Definition of Rhetoric Free Essays

Aristotle defines the fine art of persuasion. A rhetorician pursues witnesses, contracts, and the like in his pursuit of presenting an argument. However, not all forms of persuasion are rhetoric in nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle’s Definition of Rhetoric or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is through persuasion that many arguments are won or lost. Aristotle talks in depth about what is right and what is wrong. He has meticulously defined terms like good, goodwill, judge, judgment, and litigation that form a crucial part of any judicial process. The reason is, according to Aristotle, laws are made after long consideration. On the other hand, decisions in the courts are given at a short notice. This makes it hard for those who try to present an argument and win the case based on the decision of the lawgiver. It is important that the lawgiver does not get influenced by matters of friendship or hatred, and lose vision of the truth. This paper will outline Aristotle’s definition of rhetoric and identify the role rhetoric plays in the judicial process. Aristotle’s Definition of Rhetoric Aristotle equivalents rhetoric to a formal system of reasoning that strives to arrive at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments. Argument is the key to the art of persuasion. A rhetorician will be able to convince a person by persuasion. People use rhetoric â€Å"either at random or through practice and from acquired habit. † That is, while some speakers succeed to persuade through practice, others achieve it spontaneously. Aristotle closely relates rhetoric to dialectic. Both rhetoric and dialectic deal with arguments from accepted hypotheses. A rhetoric person can use dialectic tools in defense of his arguments. While dialectic is useful for arguments relating to private or academic matters, rhetoric is for arguments relating to public matters. This is because rhetoric considers that the opponents are intellectuals or persons who are familiar with the subject being argued about. Dialectic is concerned with general questions that apply to â€Å"untrained thinkers† (Rhetoric I. 2). In rhetoric, three things comprise an argument—first is the speaker (ethos), second is the listener (pathos), and the third is the argument itself (logos). (Rhetoric I. 2). First, the audience will give importance to an argument if the speaker is a trustworthy person. The speaker must display practical wisdom and should be able to reason logically. He or she should have an upright character and goodness in its various forms, and should possess the good will to understand emotions. Second, the emotional state of the audience is important in the interpretation of the argument. If the listener is in a good or bad mood, then the argument takes the shade of his mood. The speaker should be persuasive enough to motivate and arouse the right mood in the listener. Third, the speaker persuades by the argument itself. There are two types of arguments: induction and deduction. An inductive argument in rhetoric argues with an example. It takes a statement and shows other statements that are similar to it. A deductive argument in rhetoric is the enthymeme, which is an argument achieved by proof or demonstration. Speeches that rely on examples are persuasive in nature; however, those that rely on enthymemes induce applause from the audience. Determined by the class of listeners, rhetoric falls into three divisions. It is the listener who determines the objects of the speaker and the speech. The listener may either be a judge, who takes a decision of things past or future, or a mere observer. A jury member decides on future events and the man who waits on the jury decides on past events. Observers are people who merely decide based upon the orator’s skill. From this idea branches the three divisions of oratory—political, forensic, and the ceremonial oratory of display. A good orator must have the appropriate prepositions at his commands. The prepositions of rhetoric are complete proofs, probabilities, and signs. According to Alain Lempereur, â€Å"today, it is necessary to circumscribe the respective fields of logic and rhetoric in the language of law, while showing how they are sometimes complementary in the resolution of legal problems. † The Role of Rhetoric in the Judicial Process Rhetoric is a faculty used for providing judgment. Every man should comply with the rules of the law, and the law varies with each form of government. Hence, one of the important qualifications for a good judge is that he or she should understand all forms of government, since the interest of men lies in the maintenance of the established order. According to Aristotle, the supreme right to judge always remains â€Å"with either a part or the whole of one or other of the(se) governing powers† (Rhetoric I. 8). So it is important that the judge should be a man of good intellect. The four forms of government are democracy, oligarchy, aristocracy, and tyranny. The ends of each of these governments vary. For example, â€Å"The end of democracy is freedom; of oligarchy, wealth; of aristocracy, the maintenance of education and national institutions; of tyranny, the protection of the tyrant† (Rhetoric 1. 8). Rhetorical persuasion is not only obtained by demonstrative but also by ethical argument. Hence it is important for a rhetorician to understand the moral qualities characteristic of each form of government. Since a legal verdict is a decision, it is particularly important for a political speaker to maintain integrity of his character in the interest of his audience. He should entertain the right feelings and he should, in turn, induce the right feelings in his audience. In delivering judgment, rhetoric seeks the use of ethos and pathos, in addition to logical proofs. John Rainold, in Oxford Lectures on Aristotle’s Rhetoric, states that as far as possible what is good or bad â€Å"must be settled by the ruling of the Lawgiver, since it is easier [to find] one man [of good sense capable of framing laws and pronouncing judgments] than many men. † Law is either special or general in nature. A special law is a written law, one that regulates the life of a particular community or the law of a state. A general law is an unwritten law, the principles that are supposed to be acknowledged everywhere or the universal law. Individuals or an entire community may affected by the law. A wrongdoer either understands and intends the action, or does it without an understanding. Aristotle defines that there are seven causes of human action that the law has to consider. They are involuntary actions like chance, nature, and compulsion, and voluntary actions like habit, reasoning, anger, and appetite. Aristotle describes accusation and defense in detail in Book I, Chapter 10 of Rhetoric. He describes that â€Å"wrong-doing† is an injury that one person voluntarily inflicts on another contrary to law. There are three things that a prosecutor should ascertain: â€Å"first, the nature and number of the incentives to wrong-doing; second, the state of mind of wrongdoers; third, the kind of persons who are wronged, and their condition† (Rhetoric I. 10). Judgment can happen in two senses—broad and narrow. In its broad sense, it involves decisions that one takes in everyday activities, wherever there is more than one possibility. In its narrow sense, it involves judgment taken in assemblies and law courts. Judging involves two people—the one who speaks and persuades, and the other who listens and judges. It also involves two mutually contradictory arguments that the judge has to listen and judge. A judge should be prudent in judging whether something is important or unimportant, or just or unjust. They should never take instructions from the petitioners and should decide for themselves. Aristotle emphasizes that â€Å"the whole business of rhetoric is with opinion† (Rhetoric, III. 1). Similarly, a litigant should show that the alleged fact is so or is not so and that it has happened or has not happened. The duty of argument is to challenge conclusive proofs. An argument in forensic oratory can be categorized as the fact, the amount of injury, the existence of injury, and the justification. An argument in ceremonial oratory is taken on the basis of trust and the speaker will maintain the nobility of the actions in question. An argument in political oratory presents if something is possible or impossible, just or unjust, good or bad as the orator thinks. The general lines of argument common to all oratory are: the possible and the impossible, past fact, future fact, and degree. The possible and impossible considers that any two contraries are equally possible. Aristotle says that â€Å"if a man can be cured, he can also fall ill; for any two contraries are equally possible, in so far as they are contraries† (Rhetoric, II. 19). Past fact argues that in two things, if one of the less likely things has happened, then there is a possibility that the more likely thing should also have happened. For example, if a man has forgotten a thing, then it is likely that he has once learnt it. Future fact considers that a thing will be done if there is the power and wish to do it. If the means to the end has happened, then the end will soon follow. For example, if there is a foundation, there will be a house. Degree considers the greatness and smallness of things. One has to apply prudence in judgment since there is also a flip side to rhetoric. People might use their persuasive skills in making the judge believe in what is wrong and they might use it for unjust reasons. Aristotle comforts by telling that it is easier to prove and believe in things that are true. And, every virtue has its negative side. It is left to the individual to either benefit by using them right or to inflict great injuries by using them wrong. References 1. Alain Lempereur, in his paper presented at the International Symposium â€Å"Argumentation, Logic and Cognition,† Ghent University, 6–8 December 1989. http://www.springerlink.com/content/qv8722r647546mv2/ 2. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://www.seop.leeds.ac.uk/entries/aristotle-rhetoric/ 3. John Rainold’s Oxford Lectures on Aristotle’s Rhetoric, by John Rainolds, Lawrence D. http://books.google.com/books?id=77RPL09TOTICpg=PA137lpg=PA137dq=aristotle’s+rhetoric+in+the+judicial+process;source=web;ots=vDL0uMCFaz;sig=e9RjGNwjy64EDGfMrfSSvt9P-RU;hl=en;sa=X;oi=book_result;resnum=2;ct=result#PPA129,M1 How to cite Aristotle’s Definition of Rhetoric, Papers

Aristotle’s Definition of Rhetoric Free Essays

Aristotle defines the fine art of persuasion. A rhetorician pursues witnesses, contracts, and the like in his pursuit of presenting an argument. However, not all forms of persuasion are rhetoric in nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle’s Definition of Rhetoric or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is through persuasion that many arguments are won or lost. Aristotle talks in depth about what is right and what is wrong. He has meticulously defined terms like good, goodwill, judge, judgment, and litigation that form a crucial part of any judicial process. The reason is, according to Aristotle, laws are made after long consideration. On the other hand, decisions in the courts are given at a short notice. This makes it hard for those who try to present an argument and win the case based on the decision of the lawgiver. It is important that the lawgiver does not get influenced by matters of friendship or hatred, and lose vision of the truth. This paper will outline Aristotle’s definition of rhetoric and identify the role rhetoric plays in the judicial process. Aristotle’s Definition of Rhetoric Aristotle equivalents rhetoric to a formal system of reasoning that strives to arrive at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments. Argument is the key to the art of persuasion. A rhetorician will be able to convince a person by persuasion. People use rhetoric â€Å"either at random or through practice and from acquired habit. † That is, while some speakers succeed to persuade through practice, others achieve it spontaneously. Aristotle closely relates rhetoric to dialectic. Both rhetoric and dialectic deal with arguments from accepted hypotheses. A rhetoric person can use dialectic tools in defense of his arguments. While dialectic is useful for arguments relating to private or academic matters, rhetoric is for arguments relating to public matters. This is because rhetoric considers that the opponents are intellectuals or persons who are familiar with the subject being argued about. Dialectic is concerned with general questions that apply to â€Å"untrained thinkers† (Rhetoric I. 2). In rhetoric, three things comprise an argument—first is the speaker (ethos), second is the listener (pathos), and the third is the argument itself (logos). (Rhetoric I. 2). First, the audience will give importance to an argument if the speaker is a trustworthy person. The speaker must display practical wisdom and should be able to reason logically. He or she should have an upright character and goodness in its various forms, and should possess the good will to understand emotions. Second, the emotional state of the audience is important in the interpretation of the argument. If the listener is in a good or bad mood, then the argument takes the shade of his mood. The speaker should be persuasive enough to motivate and arouse the right mood in the listener. Third, the speaker persuades by the argument itself. There are two types of arguments: induction and deduction. An inductive argument in rhetoric argues with an example. It takes a statement and shows other statements that are similar to it. A deductive argument in rhetoric is the enthymeme, which is an argument achieved by proof or demonstration. Speeches that rely on examples are persuasive in nature; however, those that rely on enthymemes induce applause from the audience. Determined by the class of listeners, rhetoric falls into three divisions. It is the listener who determines the objects of the speaker and the speech. The listener may either be a judge, who takes a decision of things past or future, or a mere observer. A jury member decides on future events and the man who waits on the jury decides on past events. Observers are people who merely decide based upon the orator’s skill. From this idea branches the three divisions of oratory—political, forensic, and the ceremonial oratory of display. A good orator must have the appropriate prepositions at his commands. The prepositions of rhetoric are complete proofs, probabilities, and signs. According to Alain Lempereur, â€Å"today, it is necessary to circumscribe the respective fields of logic and rhetoric in the language of law, while showing how they are sometimes complementary in the resolution of legal problems. † The Role of Rhetoric in the Judicial Process Rhetoric is a faculty used for providing judgment. Every man should comply with the rules of the law, and the law varies with each form of government. Hence, one of the important qualifications for a good judge is that he or she should understand all forms of government, since the interest of men lies in the maintenance of the established order. According to Aristotle, the supreme right to judge always remains â€Å"with either a part or the whole of one or other of the(se) governing powers† (Rhetoric I. 8). So it is important that the judge should be a man of good intellect. The four forms of government are democracy, oligarchy, aristocracy, and tyranny. The ends of each of these governments vary. For example, â€Å"The end of democracy is freedom; of oligarchy, wealth; of aristocracy, the maintenance of education and national institutions; of tyranny, the protection of the tyrant† (Rhetoric 1. 8). Rhetorical persuasion is not only obtained by demonstrative but also by ethical argument. Hence it is important for a rhetorician to understand the moral qualities characteristic of each form of government. Since a legal verdict is a decision, it is particularly important for a political speaker to maintain integrity of his character in the interest of his audience. He should entertain the right feelings and he should, in turn, induce the right feelings in his audience. In delivering judgment, rhetoric seeks the use of ethos and pathos, in addition to logical proofs. John Rainold, in Oxford Lectures on Aristotle’s Rhetoric, states that as far as possible what is good or bad â€Å"must be settled by the ruling of the Lawgiver, since it is easier [to find] one man [of good sense capable of framing laws and pronouncing judgments] than many men. † Law is either special or general in nature. A special law is a written law, one that regulates the life of a particular community or the law of a state. A general law is an unwritten law, the principles that are supposed to be acknowledged everywhere or the universal law. Individuals or an entire community may affected by the law. A wrongdoer either understands and intends the action, or does it without an understanding. Aristotle defines that there are seven causes of human action that the law has to consider. They are involuntary actions like chance, nature, and compulsion, and voluntary actions like habit, reasoning, anger, and appetite. Aristotle describes accusation and defense in detail in Book I, Chapter 10 of Rhetoric. He describes that â€Å"wrong-doing† is an injury that one person voluntarily inflicts on another contrary to law. There are three things that a prosecutor should ascertain: â€Å"first, the nature and number of the incentives to wrong-doing; second, the state of mind of wrongdoers; third, the kind of persons who are wronged, and their condition† (Rhetoric I. 10). Judgment can happen in two senses—broad and narrow. In its broad sense, it involves decisions that one takes in everyday activities, wherever there is more than one possibility. In its narrow sense, it involves judgment taken in assemblies and law courts. Judging involves two people—the one who speaks and persuades, and the other who listens and judges. It also involves two mutually contradictory arguments that the judge has to listen and judge. A judge should be prudent in judging whether something is important or unimportant, or just or unjust. They should never take instructions from the petitioners and should decide for themselves. Aristotle emphasizes that â€Å"the whole business of rhetoric is with opinion† (Rhetoric, III. 1). Similarly, a litigant should show that the alleged fact is so or is not so and that it has happened or has not happened. The duty of argument is to challenge conclusive proofs. An argument in forensic oratory can be categorized as the fact, the amount of injury, the existence of injury, and the justification. An argument in ceremonial oratory is taken on the basis of trust and the speaker will maintain the nobility of the actions in question. An argument in political oratory presents if something is possible or impossible, just or unjust, good or bad as the orator thinks. The general lines of argument common to all oratory are: the possible and the impossible, past fact, future fact, and degree. The possible and impossible considers that any two contraries are equally possible. Aristotle says that â€Å"if a man can be cured, he can also fall ill; for any two contraries are equally possible, in so far as they are contraries† (Rhetoric, II. 19). Past fact argues that in two things, if one of the less likely things has happened, then there is a possibility that the more likely thing should also have happened. For example, if a man has forgotten a thing, then it is likely that he has once learnt it. Future fact considers that a thing will be done if there is the power and wish to do it. If the means to the end has happened, then the end will soon follow. For example, if there is a foundation, there will be a house. Degree considers the greatness and smallness of things. One has to apply prudence in judgment since there is also a flip side to rhetoric. People might use their persuasive skills in making the judge believe in what is wrong and they might use it for unjust reasons. Aristotle comforts by telling that it is easier to prove and believe in things that are true. And, every virtue has its negative side. It is left to the individual to either benefit by using them right or to inflict great injuries by using them wrong. References 1. Alain Lempereur, in his paper presented at the International Symposium â€Å"Argumentation, Logic and Cognition,† Ghent University, 6–8 December 1989. http://www.springerlink.com/content/qv8722r647546mv2/ 2. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://www.seop.leeds.ac.uk/entries/aristotle-rhetoric/ 3. John Rainold’s Oxford Lectures on Aristotle’s Rhetoric, by John Rainolds, Lawrence D. http://books.google.com/books?id=77RPL09TOTICpg=PA137lpg=PA137dq=aristotle’s+rhetoric+in+the+judicial+process;source=web;ots=vDL0uMCFaz;sig=e9RjGNwjy64EDGfMrfSSvt9P-RU;hl=en;sa=X;oi=book_result;resnum=2;ct=result#PPA129,M1 How to cite Aristotle’s Definition of Rhetoric, Papers

Endurance in A Thousand Splendid Suns free essay sample

Violence, war, discrimination, and poverty: these issues have long been a part of Afghanistan’s history. Even though things in Afghanistan are getting better, war fills the country, and women and children have to learn to endure abuse, caused by men and the Taliban; they also learn to endure poverty. Considering this, it is no wonder why Afghanistan is in the terrible position it is in now. Many Afghan cities like Kabul are filled with things like violence and discrimination, and the book A Thousand Splendid Suns, by Khaled Hosseini takes place in Kabul. This book follows the lives of two Afghani women, Mariam and Laila, as they suffer pain and discrimination received from the Taliban and their husband, Rasheed. The women are forced to clean, cook, wear veils outside of the house, and have to take care of the children on a daily basis. Throughout the book, Mariam and Laila, as well as other characters, learn to endure all these hardships in their lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Endurance in A Thousand Splendid Suns or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To endure is the ability to bear with or tolerate something without fighting back, but the more someone has to endure, the more they change as a character. Thus forcing one to choose to act out in physical and verbal violence, and making poor decisions in their life. People who are able to endure will go farther in life than those who cannot because they do not fight back. In the story, Mariam must learn to endure when she lives with someone like Rasheed and her father. However, the longer she endures she begins to not tolerate things as easy and begins to fight back and rebel. First, after being married to Rasheed, Jalil begins to try and make Mariam feel better and says he will visit her, but Mariam said â€Å"Don’t come. I won’t see you. Don’t you come. I don’t want to hear from you. Ever. Ever. †, â€Å"It ends here for you and me. Say your good-byes† (Hosseini 55). Based on Mariam’s reaction, she is fed up with her father and is tired of listening to his lies and does not want to see him ever again. By Mariam telling Jalil she never wants to see him again reveals that she is very mad at him for having to endure everything like leaving her to live with Nana in the kolba, her mother’s death, and being abandoned by Jalil himself, and now he is sending her away. Therefore Mariam tells him to not visit her and say good-bye because she hates him for what he is doing. As a result of Mariam’s anger, she decides to go with Rasheed to Kabul, and leave her hometown. Mariam decides to do this because she is tired of taking sweat from her father, and tolerating all of his lies, and thinks leaving Herat is good for herself. Second, Mariam was in the kitchen looking for the wooden spoon when Laila walked in and Mariam began to call Laila a â€Å"whore. A whore and a dozd. A thieving whore, that’s what you are! † (Hosseini 233). Mariam’s outburst suggests that Mariam hates Laila, and is tired of doing all the work around the house like cleaning and cooking. She is also tired of seeing Laila doing nothing around the house and seeing Rasheed always be nice to her. Mariam shows she does not like Laila because she keeps calling Laila a whore and a thief. In a country where the woman do all the housework and cooking, and men go to work, Mariam does not like seeing Laila do nothing around the house while she does everything. This perspective causes Mariam to act out and creates higher tension in their home, which ultimately makes both their lives tougher than they already are. Third, Rasheed was very angry at Laila for hanging out with Tariq, and began to strangle Laila almost to the point of death when Mariam picked up a shovel and â€Å"she hit him across the temple. The bow knocked him off Laila†¦She turned it so the sharp edge was vertical, and, as she did, it occurred to her that this was the first time she was deciding the course of her own life. And, with that, Mariam brought down the shovel. This time, she gave it everything she had† (Hosseini 348-349). Mariam’s action indicates that her anger towards Rasheed increased more and more as she suffered through all the abuse and work he gave her. By beating Rasheed with a shovel and killing him with it, Mariam reveals that she has finally decided to stand up to Rasheed for Laila and herself. Because Mariam stood up to Rasheed and killed him, now Mariam and Laila have lifted a huge burden off their shoulders and Laila can live with Tariq and her children. Mariam learns that if she wants to be happier in life she has to make her own decisions, like killing Rasheed. If she had not defended Laila, Rasheed could have killed Laila, and Mariam would have continued to live a stressful life. Throughout the book, Miriam endures on-going violence and abuse and she begins to make poor choices; she also begins to act out violently as means of learning to cope with her surroundings. Her actions drastically changed the course of her life for herself as well as others for worse and for better. Laila also has to endure many hardships in life, like her family’s death, Tariq leaving, and living with Rasheed. All these factors start to break her and she becomes more depressed and starts making bad decisions. First, Laila survived injuries from a nuclear rocket explosion after being saved by Mariam and Rasheed (Hosseini 193-200). This explosion killed both of her parents forcing Laila to alter her plans for the future. After Laila moves in with Rasheed and Mariam, Rasheed tells Mariam about how he wants to propose to Laila and â€Å"Later, in the dark, Mariam told the girl. For a long time, the girl said nothing. He wants an answer by this morning. Mariam said. He can have it now, the girl said. My answer is yes† (Hosseini 216). Laila accepting Rasheed’s proposal suggests she married him because she has nowhere to go because everyone who she loves is gone. Having to endure all the pain of her parent’s death has caused her to make this decision to marry Rasheed because she is by herself. While it seems like Laila could be better off now that she is by herself, she in fact is not, because women in Afghanistan have little to no rights and she would not be able to support herself. She marries Rasheed because she has no other choice. This decision will very much have an impact in her life. Second, Rasheed was very angry at Mariam because he believed she was teaching Laila to deny him, and started to beat her with belt when â€Å"The girl [Laila] lunged at him. She grabbed his arm with both hands and tried to drag him down, but she could do no more than dangle from it† (Hosseini 241). Laila’s actions reveal that she is tired of dealing with Rasheed’s violence towards Mariam and wants to stand up to Rasheed and stop him. By Laila lunging and pulling on Rasheed’s arm reveals that she cares for Mariam because she risked herself getting beaten by Rasheed, but since she is done tolerating Rasheed’s violence, she decides to act out. Because Laila acts this way she has made Rasheed very mad, and now he is keeping a close eye on her. If she had not done what she had did, than she would not have Rasheed angry with her and she could continue to lie low and let Rasheed be angry at Mariam. Third, Aziza, Laila’s daughter, was put into an orphanage because they could no longer take care of her, and Rasheed would not take Laila to visit her so she said â€Å"I’ll go by myself† and the Taliban often gave Laila â€Å"a tongue-lashing or a single kick to the rear, a shove in the back as she was not accompanied by a male. Other times, she met with assortments of wooden clubs, fresh tree branches, short whips, slaps, often fists† (Hosseini 320-321). Based on what Laila is doing suggests that Laila does not care about the Taliban’s rule, and is angry that she can’t see her daughter because Rasheed put her in the orphanage and he won’t take her visit Aziza, but she goes to see Aziza anyways because she loves her. By Laila going to visit Aziza even though she is getting kicked, and slapped, and beaten shows how much she cares for her daughter, also Laila telling Rasheed she’ll go visit Aziza anyways shows she won’t give in to Rasheed, and she controls her own life. Because Laila pushes through the beatings, she is able to visit her daughter, but also risks her life. If she would have stayed home, and not have tried to leave the house by herself, she would have saved herself from the beatings of the Taliban. Laila makes some decisions that are very dangerous ones, and ones that really affect her life, but she does them because she is done having to endure things, like her parent’s death, Rasheed’s violence, and Rasheed restricting her from her own daughter. Rasheed, even though he seems like he does not have to endure anything, he does because he gets tired of his wives disobeying him; he is also tired of his wives not doing what he asks. These things cause him to act out in violence. First, Mariam and Rasheed had not been doing well together especially because Mariam kept miscarrying, but then one day Mariam made him bad rice and he â€Å"shoved two fingers into her mouth and pried it open, then forced the cold, hard pebbles into it†, then Rasheed said â€Å"Now you know what your rice tastes like. Now you know what you’ve given me in this marriage. Bad food, and nothing else† (Hosseini 104). Rasheed’s actions suggest that his anger with Mariam will get worse as she keeps feeding him bad food, and miscarrying. By forcing Mariam to chew pebbles shows that he is mad and tired of Mariam not giving him what he wants, causing him to be violent towards her. Rasheed’s actions are not right because it is not Mariam’s fault that she keeps miscarrying, and Rasheed has no reason to act like that. As a result of Mariam not being able to give him a child, Rasheed continues to act in anger. Second, Mariam was lying on her bed one night when she heard Rasheed shouting. â€Å"The girl’s voice, underneath his, was tentative and shrill†, then Rasheed came bursting into Mariam’s room â€Å"It’s your doing. I know it is†¦. Rasheed raised the belt and this time came at Mariam† (Hosseini 240-241). While yelling at Miriam, Rasheed is attempting to make his point, it’s your doing, it’s Mariam’s fault that Laila is acting out and arguing with him. By Rasheed bursting into Mariam’s room and beating her with a belt proves he thinks Mariam is the reason for Laila’s actions because before Rasheed and Laila were having no problems, but as soon as Mariam and Laila began hanging out together, Laila began to fight back at Rasheed. Since Rasheed thinks this he acts violently and beats Mariam with a belt to show how he is tired of Mariam poisoning Laila’s mind. Because Rasheed blamed Mariam for Lails’s actions she has to suffer yet another beating and now Rasheed is watching her more closely. While Rasheed’s opinion that Mariam is responsible for Laila’s actions, it shows how he really likes Laila because he does not blame her for her own outbursts. Third, Rasheed had come home from work and asked Zalmai what his mother was doing today, â€Å"She was†¦She was downstairs talking to that man [Tariq]†, he said (Hosseini 344). Right after that Rasheed locked Zalmai upstairs and came back downstairs with a belt, beating Laila, and then he â€Å"wrapped his hands around Laila’s neck†¦He meant to suffocate her, and there was nothing either of them could do about it† (Hosseini 347). Rasheed acts like this because he does not like seeing Laila hanging out with Tariq all the time, because Laila is his wife and Laila and Tariq used to be really close to each other. Rasheed is trying to show Laila how angry he is at her because he was willing to suffocate her for her actions. Rasheed illustrates that he does not tolerate people who disobey him, and anyone who does not obey him will receive a consequence. Rasheed acts out violently a lot because he does not like having to endure people not listening to him and people rebelling against him, like Mariam and Laila. It is important to know that all the characters act out like they do because of having to endure something so painful in their life, which they could not handle anymore, ultimately causing them to have an outburst and or make impulsive choices. Their choices and actions had a long lasting impact on their lives, because their actions changed the way someone viewed them as a person, and caused someone to react back to them. If the character’s had just kept enduring, instead of fighting back, it could have ultimately changed their lives because they would not be in the position they are in now. For instance, if Mariam had not killed Rasheed, and instead just sat there and endured the pain of watching him strangle Laila, she would not have been sent to jail, and executed by the Taliban. It is important to be careful and think before acting as your choices and actions can dramatically change your life forever. In this book, the character’s lives might not have resulted in tragedy had they not fought back and endured the life they had been given.