The Demand Of Petroleum Products In Ghana Economics Essay

The Demand Of Petroleum Products In Ghana Economics Essay Over decades, there has been no commodity price that has received so much attention predictions and speculations than crude oil price. However, intellectuals always fail in their predictions to produce the expected results. Crude oil in its original state has no value to the consumer until it is transformed into useable products such as Liquefied petroleum Gas (LPG), Kerosene, Gasoline, Diesel and other petrochemicals.  [1]  In most countries, motor fuels (Gasoline and Diesel) are always dominant than other petrochemicals. But Liquefied Petroleum Gas and other natural gas are becoming more visible in todays global oil and gas industry.  [2]  Like any other commodity in the market, the prices of these products as well as their demand, keep responding to changes in crude oil price and other market conditions. This movement in fuel prices causes worry among pundits, politicians and everyone who uses these products. Petroleum products get to the final consumer or to the market th rough different channels. The sales of these products also vary from one market or geographical location to another. Refiners either sell to wholesalers or sell to company-owned or company franchised retail sites.  [3]  For example, in the United States of America, the open market dominates and has a greater share of the market. However, in countries such as Malaysia, Mexico and most developing countries National Oil Company (NOC) own retail outlets and hypermarkets control majority share of the petroleum product market. In most West African countries one can even see by the roadside, these products filled in bottles and jars for sale.  [4]   This shows how important these products are in the day to day activities of consumers. Ghana imports crude needs from other countries to meet almost all of its crude needs and as such face the consequences of price volatilities. Ghana like most other developing countries is faced with the problem of a pricing scheme of petroleum products that will be acceptable to the population but which will not also cripple the economy. This is because the government of the day always subsidise the prices of these products as a way of reducing the impact on the ordinary Ghanaian consumer  [5]  . Since 2000, there has been a consistent rise in the consumption level of petroleum products even though the prices of these products keep increasing  [6]  . Many have tried to analyse the effect of changes in the price of these products on the final demand and on the welfare of the consumer in other countries. But, there seems to be little literature on that of Ghana. This study therefore seeks to analyse the effect of changes in crude oil price on the demand of petroleum products in Ghana. The underlying assumption is that, any change in crude oil price manifest itself in the prices of the derived products such as petrol, diesel, LPG, kerosene and other petrochemicals. The study employed an econometric method as a way of examining and analysing the effect of changes in price of the various products on the total demand of petroleum products (petrol, diesel, LPG and Kerosene) in Ghana from 2000 up to 2011. This study is organised into four chapters. Chapter one covered the Introduction. The background as well as the demand for petroleum and the theoretical framework are captured in chapter two. Chapter three contained the analysis and discussions of the findings. Chapter four is the concluding chapter. It also captures some recommendations. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 BACKGROUND 2.1 Global Demand for Petroleum Products The oil and Gas industry is one of the largest and complex global industries which touch almost every part of the human life with products such as gasoline, kerosene, gasoil, lubricants and thousands of petrochemicals products. The demand for crude oil is derived demand  [7]  . As indicated earlier on, crude oil in its original state has no value to the consumer until it is transformed into useable products such as Liquefied petroleum Gas (LPG), kerosene, Gasoline, Diesel and other petrochemicals  [8]  . The demand for these products over the past decade has been increasing in both industrial and developing economies  [9]  . There is no product price that has received so much predictions and speculations than crude oil price. But these predictions in most cases failed to produce the expected results. Like any other commodity in the market, the prices of these products as well as their demand, keep responding to changes in crude oil price and other market conditions  [10 ]  . According to Suleiman 2009, consumption of petroleum products in Indonesia has grown significantly and as a result, by 2004, Indonesia had become a net-importer of both crude oil and refined products  [11]  . 2.2 Demand for Petroleum Products in Ghana The Ghanaian economy depends solely on import for its petroleum needs. The Tema Oil Refinery (TOR) is the only refinery in the country charged with the responsibility of refining crude oil to produce petroleum products for domestic demand  [12]  . But, its inability to carry out this mandate effectively and efficiently has given rise to importation of some petroleum products from neighbouring country  [13]  . Approximately, 70% of the demand is met with products are produced by TOR and the remaining 30% from imports. The country imported its entire crude oil requirement as at December 2010, which is refined at TOR. However, this is looking to change as the country now produces oil in commercial quantities. The petroleum products marketed in Ghana are Premium Gasoline, Kerosene, Residual Fuel oil, Gas oil, LPG and Premix  [14]  . Bulk supply of these products is reliable and is done through an extensive infrastructural network comprising of storage depots located at strategic parts of the country, pipelines for the movement of petroleum products, Bulk Road Vehicles (BRVs) and also barges located on the Volta Lake  [15]  . The actual supplies however improved compared to the previous year and for that matter shortage of LPG and diesel were not as serious as in 2010. There are a number of factors influencing the consumption of petroleum products in the country. Among these factors are prices of the various products, real income of the consumer, changes in the number of consumers as well as the availability of these products. For instance, significant increases in retail prices of LPG for vehicular fuel have helped in reducing its consumption and on the other hand increased consump tion of gasoline and invariably the sales of the latter  [16]  . Inability to raise the required and adequate funds for the required LPG import due to cross-subsidisation enjoyed by the product might have also contributed to moderate LPG consumption compared to the Energy Commissions forecast during the year  [17]  . It was projected that the requirements for the major petroleum products-gasoline, kerosene, gas oil and LPG will increase significantly from 1.62 million tons in 2005 to 2.49 million tons by 2015 representing an annual growth rate of 5.3% over the period  [18]  . Access to petroleum products in Ghana is satisfactory, but has to be improved as the population grows. As at 2010 there were a total of 1700 petroleum products retail outlets of which 37% are Service Stations (SS), 20% are Filling Stations (FS) and 43% are Reseller Outlets (RO)  [19]  . The total number of retail outlets represents an access ratio of 71 retail outlets per 1,000,000 people  [20]  . There are also vendors who sell mainly kerosene in rural communities, thereby increasing the accessibility of petroleum products in most part of the country. The National Petroleum Authority (NPA) is a statutory agency responsible for regulating, overseeing and monitoring the petroleum downstream industry in Ghana to ensure efficiency, growth and consumer satisfaction  [21]  . It is also charged with the responsibility of monitoring and regulating petroleum prices in accordance with the prescribed pricing formula. With strong economic growth and steady population growth over the past years, Ghanas total energy demand for petroleum products has grown substantially. Table 1 show the total demand for the various petroleum products in the country. It also included the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Ghana from 2000 to 2011. Figure 1 shows the trend of movement for the same period under study. TABLE 1: PETROLEUM PRODUCT CONSUMPTION AND GDP YEAR PETROLEUM PRODUCT CONSUMPTION GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) 2000 5,536.30 4,977.50 2001 5,895.20 5,176.60 2002 6,109.00 5,409.50 2003 6,048.20 5,690.80 2004 6,338.10 6,009.50 2005 6,505.10 6,364.10 2006 7,131.70 6,771.40 2007 7,407.60 7,208.80 2008 7,526.30 7,816.50 2009 8,160.40 8,180.60 2010 8,349.90 8,722.20 2011 8,877.10 9,890.90 SOURCE: National Energy Statistics 2000-2011 From the table above, the total energy demand for petroleum products 5,536.30 kilotonnes in 2000. This increased to about 8,877.10 by the end of 2011. It shows an average annual increase of 4.01% in energy demand. GDP which shows the real income of the country was US$4,977.50 billion as at 2000 and increased to US$ 9,890.90 billion by the close of 2011. This also shows an average annual growth rate of 4.5% within the same period understudied. This is a clear indication that, as the real income of the country increases, more petroleum products are demanded even though price of crude oil was on the increase as indicated in table 2 below. FIGURE 1: TREND IN GDP AND TOTAL PETROLEUM PRODUCT DEMAND From figure1 above, it is clear that, there is a strong correlation between petroleum product demand and the GDP of Ghana. The trend shows that as GDP grows, demand for petroleum products grows as well. Its further shows that as the real income of consumers increase, they tend to demand more of these products and hence movement of the two curves in the same direction. TABLE 2: PRICES OF CRUDE OIL AND SOME PETROLEUM PRODUCTS YEAR CRUDE OIL (Brent price US$) DIESEL PRICE (US$/l) PETROL PRICE (US$/l) KEROSENE PRICE (US$/l) LPG PRICE (US$/kg) 2000 28.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 2001 24.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 2002 25 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 2003 28.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 2004 38.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 2005 54.5 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 2006 65.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 2007 72.4 0.98 0.9 0.8 0.9 2008 97.3 1 1.1 1 0.9 2009 61.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 2010 79.5 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 2011 111.3 1.1 1 0.6 0.7 SOURCE: National Petroleum Authority From Table 2 also, it can be seen that crude oil price has been volatile, but generally on the rising side from 2000 up to 2011. The price of crude oil was US$ 28.5 in 2000 which decrease to about US$ 25 in 2002. It picked up again in 2003 and rose continuously to a high of US$ 111.3 by the end of 2011. Also prices of the various petroleum products responded accordingly to changes in the price of crude oil as indicated in table 2 above. In 2000, diesel was sold at US$ 0.4 per litre, petrol US$ 0.3 per litre, LPG US$ 0.5 per kg and kerosene was US$ 0.3 per litre. However, as crude price increases, the prices of diesel, petrol and kerosene also increased to US$ 1.1, US$1.0 and US$0.6 per litre respectively by the end of 2011. LPG also increased to US$ 0.7 per kg over the same period. FIGURE 2: TREND OF PRICES OF CRUDE OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS From Figure 2 above, it is also clear that, the prices of the various petroleum products respond positively and directly to changes in crude oil prices. This can be explained by the fact that, these products are derived from crude oil and hence, any change in its price or quantity will have corresponding effects on its products. 2.3 Theoretical framework The price of crude oil has been characterised by major swings especially in the 1970s and 2008 and has always impacted on the demand for petroleum products. This has increase the interest of many economists and other intellectuals and has since led to a number of studies that seek to investigate the relationships between real income, real prices and the consumption of petroleum products  [22]  . Dahl (1994) conducted a survey of petroleum demand in developing countries  [23]  . The result showed that the average price elasticity of demand of petroleum products for developing countries was -0.36, and income elasticity was 2.20. This suggested that, the demand for petroleum products is more responsive to changes in income than changes in real prices. Suleiman S.2009, used selection criteria from various models as way of cointegration approach to estimate the price and income elasticities of demand for total petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel in Indonesia. The results suggested that both total products and gasoline share estimates are more responsive to changes in income than changes in the real price of petroleum products. Based on this, he suggested that policy makers may need to use market-based pricing policies and other policies such as public enlightenment in addition to regulations like minimum energy efficiency standards to promote efficiency and conserv ation and curb the rising consumption of petroleum products in Indonesia.  [24]   Akin et al 2009 conducted empirical studies which sort to estimate the demand elasticities of petroleum products in Nigeria. The study employed a multivariate cointegration approach to estimate both the short-run and long-run price and income elasticities. The result showed that, energy consumption responds positively to changes in GDP and negatively to changes in energy prices. The study concluded that both price and income elastticities are inelastic even though the elasticities of demand vary according to product type.  [25]   Maria et al 2011 employed an econometric method developed by Deaton to calculate the price and income elasticities of demand for domestic energy in Mozambique. The calculations were done for all households at the national level, differentiating urban household from that of rural folks. The result showed that the responsiveness to changes in both price and income were higher for high-grade energy sources such as gasoline, diesel and LPG and lower for low-grade sources such as charcoal and fire-wood. They concluded by indicating that, the potential for energy transition in the domestic context is not directly visible from the price and income elasticities.  [26]   2.4 Methodology From the theoretical framework above, Dahl (1994), Suleiman S. (2001) and Akin et al all employed the cointegration approach in analysing the relationship between demand of petroleum products and changes in price. Maria et al (2011) applied an econometric method developed by Deaton in their study  [27]  . This study follows the approach adopted by Maria et al (2011). It is advantageous because it uses unit values as the prices of goods and hence provides the opportunity for the use of individual fuel prices. However, the usage of these unit values can lead to biased elasticity estimates  [28]  . The total demand for petroleum products (share of gasoline, Diesel Kerosene and LPG) can be specified as a function of real per capita GDP and real prices of Gasoline, Diesel, Kerosene and LPG. This can be modelled as follows: ED= f (GDP per capita, Price of Petrol, price of Diesel, price of Kerosene and price of LPG)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (1) Forming a linear regression equation from the function gives; Ed= a0 + b0GPD/p + c0pP + d0pD + e0pK + f0pLPG + u0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (2) Both the dependent variable and the independent variables are transformed to natural logarithms and hence double log estimation equation. This is written as follows lnEd= a0 + b0lnGPD/p + c0lnpP + d0lnpD + e0lnpK + f0lnpLPG + u0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (3) Edà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Demand for petroleum products GDP/pà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Gross Domestic Product per capita pPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..price of petrol pDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..price of Diesel pKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ price of Kerosene pLPGà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦price of Liquefied Petroleum Gas a0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..constant term u0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..stochastic term CHAPTER THREE: 3.0 ANALYSIS AND OUTCOMES Using the double log estimation equation as; lnEd= a0 + b0lnGDP/p + c0lnpP + d0lnpD + e0lnpK + f0lnpLPG + u0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Where, Edà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Demand for petroleum products GDP/pà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. .Gross Domestic Product per capita pPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. price of petrol pDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. price of Diesel pKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..price of Kerosene pLPGà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.price of Liquefied Petroleum Gas a0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦constant term u0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦stochastic term TABLE 3: REGRESSION ANALYSIS lnGDP/p lnpP lnpD lnpK lnpLGP coefficients 1.017487 0.081134 -0.0214456 0.049237 -0.11419 p- values 0.022904 0.822455 0.925098 0.732547 0.276798 R Square 97.8% Confidence interval 95% Standard error 0.029936 Source: Arthurs construct 3.1 Discussion of outcomes 3.1.1 Gross Domestic Product per capita From the analysis summarised in table 3, GDP per capita as a variable shows a positive sign in its coefficient against demand for petroleum products. This implies that, as real per capita income of consumers increases, their demand for petroleum products increase as well. Its p-value of 0.022904 is also below the significant level of 0.05 (95% confidence) which is an indication that, the effect of changes in GDP per capita on the demand for petroleum products is statistically significant. 3.1.2 Petrol In terms of elasticities, a coefficient of 0.081134 for petrol shows that, the demand for it is inelastic. This implies that changes in the price of petrol leads to less than proportionate change in demand. The positive sign however does not follow the a priori expectation. But it shows that, over the period under study, there is a direct relationship between demands and price of petrol. Thus, any increase in the price petrol leads to an increase in its demand. The p- value however confirms that, this direct effect is not significant at 0.05 significance level since the value 0.822455 is greater than 0.05 (significance level). 3.1.3 Diesel From the table, the coefficient of diesel is quite revealing as it follows the a priori expectations in it demand. It has the expected negative sign which confirms that any increase in it price will result in decrease in it demand and hence decreasing the level of total demand for petroleum products in Ghana. But this is not significant at 95% confidence interval as the p-value of 0.925098 is greater than 0.05. 3.1.4 LGP Also from the table, the coefficient of LPG revealed the a priori expectations in it demand. It has the expected negative sign which confirms that any increase in it price will result in decrease in it demand. This is an indication that, decrease in the level of total demand for petroleum products in Ghana can be the result of increases in the price of LPG. But this is also not statistically significant at 95% confidence interval as the p-value of 0.276798 is greater than 0.05. Thus, inelastic demand for LPG. 3.1.5 Kerosene The variable price of kerosene shows a positive sign. This sign again does not follow the a priori expectation. This result implies that, there is a direct relationship between demands of kerosene and its price and hence, any increase in the price kerosene leads to an increase in its demand. But this is not the case or the expectation as the demand for kerosene decrease due to increases in it price. However, the p- value shows that, this direct effect is not significant at 0.05 significance level since the value of 0.732547 is greater than 0.05. The R2 of the analysis is measures the overall goodness of fit of the regression. The test result indicates that, the R2 =0.978 = 97.8%. It shows that the independent variables (GDP per capita, price of petrol, price of diesel, price of LPG and price of kerosene) explain the dependent (demand for petroleum products) variable to the tune of 97.8%. CHAPTER FOUR: 4.0 Conclusion This study analysed the effect of oil price change on the demand for petroleum products. This effect is analysed through the changes in the various prices of the major petroleum products (petrol, diesel, LPG and kerosene) consumed in Ghana from 2000 to 2011. The study employed a double log equation in its analysis. It included the Gross Domestic Product per capita as a measure of the real income of consumers. The results show that aggregate demand for petroleum products in Ghana follows with the a priori expectations of negative price elasticity and positive income elasticity. The results also showed that, the demand for petroleum products in Ghana has been on the increase from 2000 to 2011 and future still promise to show more increment if the economy maintain its strong growth pattern. The analysis of the results show that the real income of the consumer measured by GDP per capita has a positive sign which indicates that, as real per capita income of consumers increases, their demand for petroleum products increase as well. Its p-value of 0.022904 is also below the significant level of 0.05 (95% confidence) which shows that, the effect of changes in GDP per capita on the demand for petroleum products is statistically significant. The test result also shows that, for the period under consideration, the demand for the major petroleum products (petrol diesel LPG and kerosene) is inelastic even though their individual coefficients vary. Their prices continue to increase throughout the period under consideration as oil price increases. Total demand for these products increase as well. Notwithstanding the values of the study, it should be noted that energy demand might assume different implications in different economic sectors. Different sectors of the economy have different consumption behaviours and as such, have different optimal demand decisions under the same constraints and do not necessarily demand the same services from the various energy forms. Sectoral analyses of the demand for petroleum products will therefore, offer an in-depth analysis in future research works. 4.1 Recommendation In terms of policy implications, the study recommend that policy makers should design policy frameworks that will promote energy efficiency and conservation. These policies can be market-based pricing and taxation policies, policy that can ensure minimum energy efficiency standards and has the tendency of informing the public the consequences of the present trend in consumption and importation. Otherwise, the consumption of petroleum products is likely to continue to grow at a significant rate as long as per capita income continues to grow.

Brilliant piece of artwork Essay

This artwork, Moonrise Hernandez, will be critiqued based on the elements and principles of art to determine its meaning. The author, Ansel Adams, created this piece in 1941 in southern Mexico. Here, Adams used black and white film to make an original gelatin silver 16 by 20 photograph. The artwork consists of a moonlit dark sky above a small camp with mountains in the background. The sky appears stormy because the clouds stand out, while the half moon shines well above. The town looks really boring and poor. Plus, the mountains in the background are very tall and appear to be touching the sky. All of these factors contribute to a wonderful photograph. In this piece both elements and principles of art are prominent. The color of the sky is pitch black, which creates emphasis on the clouds, which are bright white. Also, the sky takes up a lot of space in the photograph and it towers over everything. This creates an uneven proportion throughout the piece. Finally, the texture of the clouds appears smooth, while the foreground is very rough. This creates variety throughout the photo. In all, this piece portrays many of the elements and principles of art. The mood in this photograph is depressing because almost half of this picture is black. See above paragraph. The moon against the dark sky in the picture is a symbol of the constant battle against evil that all of us face. The story it tells is that there will be bad times for the town because they’re about to get rained on. In conclusion, this artwork employs mostly emotionalism. This is because it makes the viewer feel sad and lonely. In all, I think this is a brilliant piece of artwork.

Charles Darwins Theory Of Evolution - 1151 Words

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Curiosity was aroused in Darwin at a very young ageRead More Argument Against Charles Darwins Theory of Evolution Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pages Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution to explain the origin, diversity and complexity of life. I will will disprove evolution by showing that natural selection only explains small evolutionary changes, collectively known as microevolution. Natural selection cannot drive large evolutionary changes, macroevolution. I will also show that the primordial soup, in which life supposedly evolved, did not exist. Neo-Darwinism incorporates the discoveries of modern science into Darwins originalRead MoreCharles Darwins Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Essay1286 Words   |  6 Pages When the name Charles Darwin is uttered, an immediate association brings about the concept of Evolution. Although he was not the first to discover this phenomenon, he was the first to explain it. In his book, The Origin of Species, Darwin discusses evolution- through variation, why it occurs, the struggle for existence, natural selection, the geological record, and several other topics. This book brought him great recognition as well as many violent attacks. It was written inRead MoreCharles Darwins Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Essay1986 Words   |  8 Pagesgenerations after the publication of his chief work, quot;The Origin of Speciesquot;, Charles Darwin may still be considered the most controversial scientist in the world. His name is synonymous with the debate that continues to swirl around the theory of evolution, a theory that deeply shook the Western view of humanity and its place in the world. We tend to speak simply of the theory of evolution, leaving off the explanatory phrase, quot;through natural selection.quot; At most, perhapsRead MoreCharles Darwins Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Essay1793 Words   |  8 Pageswas Charles Darwin. Darwin was the most accomplished of these men because he was able to put forth a logical conjecture that was based upon facts and observations. This theory, for a short time, was able to end the feud among educated men because many now put their trust in this new â€Å"theory of evolution†. Unfortunately, this revolutionary new theory threatened the religious beliefs about creation and soon a new rivalry emerged between the creationists and evolutionists. According to Charles Darwin

For On Est Allé, Agreement is Optional

Mistakes will always be made in French, and now you can learn from them. When you want to say we went or   they went in French, you dont have to use the French subject pronouns nous or ils/elles.  You can choose to use the indefinite subject pronoun on. Its always conjugated in the third person singular, and it may or may not agree with the subject it replaces or any adjectives present. Using on as an informal replacement for these plural subject pronouns, there are actually two options: Either the past participle allà © agrees in gender and number with the plural masculine pronoun that on replaces, or it doesnt. Actually, you can choose either. Agreement is optional. Both forms are correct Both on est allà © AND on est allà ©s are correct.  Its your choice. The French pronoun on is a little strange. It literally translates to the indefinite one as in one shouldnt do that, but it can also mean we, you, they, or people in general. One often hesitates over agreement when on replaces a plural. Since on has to take the third person singular form of the verb, it might seem as though agreement should also be singular. In other words, no agreement. In fact, agreement with whatever subject on replaces is optional. Either way is correct.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Nous sommes allà ©s au cinà ©ma. / On est allà © au cinà ©ma. / On est allà ©s au cinà ©ma.  These all mean: We went to the movies. They are all correct.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sont-elles prà ªtes ? / Est-on prà ªt ? / Est-on prà ªtes ? These all mean: Are they ready? They are all correct. What Is On? 1. On  (listen) is the indefinite pronoun and literally means one. Its often equivalent to the English  passive voice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  On ne devrait pas poser cette question.  Ã‚  Ã‚  One shouldnt ask that question.   Ã‚  Ã‚  On demande : caissier.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cashier wanted.      On ne dit pas à §a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  That isnt said.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ici on parle franà §ais.  Ã‚  Ã‚  French is spoken here. 2. On  is also an informal replacement for we, you, they, someone, or people in general.   Ã‚  Ã‚  On va sortir ce soir.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Were going out tonight.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Alors les enfants, que veut-on faire  ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  OK kids, what do you want to do?   Ã‚  Ã‚  On dit que ce resto est bon.  Ã‚  Ã‚  They say that this restaurant is good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  On a trouvà © mon portefeuille.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Someone found my wallet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  On est fou !  Ã‚  Ã‚  People are crazy!   Ã‚  Ã‚  On ne sait jamais.  Ã‚  Ã‚  You never know. Agreement With On There are two related debates about whether  agreement  is required with the subject implied by  on: 1.  Adjectives: In  on est content  (we/they are happy OR someone is happy), should the adjective agree?  Ã‚  Ã‚  feminine:  On est contente.  Ã‚  Ã‚  plural:  On est contents.  Ã‚  Ã‚  feminine plural:  On est contentes.2.  ÃƒÅ tre verbs: In  on est tombà ©Ã‚  (we/they/someone fell), should the past participle agree?  Ã‚  Ã‚  feminine:  On est tombà ©e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  plural:  On est tombà ©s.  Ã‚  Ã‚  feminine plural:  On est tombà ©es. There is no real consensus, so heres my opinion:  On  is a neuter singular pronoun, so there shouldnt be agreement, but its really up to you...or your French teacher.   Additional Resources On:  indefinite subject pronounOn vs. lonAgreement

The Origin and Development of Basketball Essay - 524 Words

The Origin and Development of Basketball The game of basketball was created by a gentlemen name of Dr. James Naimsmith on 1861. He was born on Ontario, Canada. He brings the game up when he was working as a teacher on the Young Men Christian Association Training School. Naimsmith created the game to keep the kids in good condition, and wanted to find an activity that could be played indoors on the winter months. Basketball is a popular sport, between two teams. Each of them has 5 players and competes against each other for the highest scores. The game involved elements of football, soccer, and hockey the first game was actually played with a soccer ball. The goals were made of wooden peach baskets placed on the wall. Teams consisted of†¦show more content†¦In 1939 this gap was increased from 2 feet to the present 4 feet to allow for more movement underneath the basket. The first game of basketball were played with soccer balls. However, they proved to be unsuitable for dribbling and ball handling. The first manufac tured basketballs were produced in 1894 by a bicycle manufacturing company. In the late 1890s Spalding took over as the official ball maker. In 1905 the choice of basketballs was left up to the teams. Because of their inability to maintain their shape and their laces, these early brown leather basketballs were hard to dribble. In 1929 basketballs were re-designed for more bounce and with concealed laces which eliminated erratic bounces. The balls were bigger, lighter and easier to handle. In 1942 molded basketballs that maintained a constant shape and size replaced the stitched balls. In 1967 the American Basketball Association (ABA) played with a red, white and blue basketball. Today, the WNBA and FIBA use contrasting panels. The mens ball is 30 in circumference and the smaller womens ball is 29 in circumference. As you can see the game of Basketball has changed a lot. Now you can see all those changes on the different teams in all leagues around the world. I considered it that Ba sketball has evolved compare with the past. You can see the different on uniforms, courts, balls, shoes, etc†¦ During the last years the game of Basketball has became very popular, has been used on schoolShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Origin of the Game of Basketball1391 Words   |  6 Pagesor professional basketball game, although, few actually know where or how this widely popular sport was created. From this paper, one will acquire information about the origin of the game of basketball, how the game has evolved over time, and basketball as a business. â€Å"The two questions that I am most commonly asked when I am discussing basketball with persons whom I have just met are, How did you come to think of it? and What changes have taken place in the game since its origin?†Ã¢â‚¬  (Naismith 61)Read MoreHistory of Basketball848 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Basketball Basketball has been around for over 100 years, and from the very beginning to now, the sport has come a long way. Basketball is extremely popular around the world, it is a court game played by two teams of five players each. The object is to put a ball through a hoop, or basket, and thus score more points than the opposing team (Naismith). Today there is the NBA as the professional league and colleges all across America has picked up the game of basketball also. TodayRead MoreCurrent Issue Of Sport : Globalization1307 Words   |  6 Pagessuccess or not. For instance, by the effect of the saturated North American market, National Basketball Association (NBA) begun to expand its new market to Asia. This broad strategy assisted NBA making a brilliant achievement in popularizing its product in China: â€Å"For China, the NBA spent two decades building courts, teaching youth the game, and hosting promotions. Now over 300 million people in China play basketball. The league notes that 89% of Chinese aged 15 to 54 are aware of the NBA brand and NBARead MoreEssay about The Origin Of Basketball And I1572 Words   |  7 Pages Over the years since basketball was invented, its popularity has gotten very big. The game is played all over the world and has made a lot of people rich through its many professional leagues. The National Basketball Association is, by far, the most popular league in the world, but a lot of people like to watch college, high school, and recreational basketball as much. The game of basketball is one of the most popular and exciting games to watch or play on any skill level. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;InRead MoreImportant Sports in the Society of The United States Essay1142 Words   |  5 Pages Sports are important in the society of the United States. Sports promote and motivate the development of physical fitness and sports participation for all Americans of all ages. The four major sports are most popular in the United States ; American football, Basketball, Baseball, and Ice Hockey. They are all enjoyed by not only americans, but also people in all around the world. Especially sports are associated with education in the United States. Most high schools and universities organizedRead MoreHiv And Aids : Aids1606 Words   |  7 Pagesprimates. These will be discussed on the next slide. Since HIV is a lentivirus and symptoms do not appear right away a person will look fine on the outside with possible â€Å"flu-like† symptoms, but what is really happening is in one’s immune system (Origin of HIV AIDS, 2014). FIRST OUTBREAK As I mentioned on the previous slide, HIV has two strands HIV 1 and HIV 2. These strands differentiate between two different types of primates who are thought to have caused the initial spread of this diseaseRead MoreBritish American Influence on Australia1015 Words   |  5 Pagesand Family Ties rated highly, along with crime dramas like Magnum P.I. and Miami Vice. Entertainment plays a significant role in forming the culture, beliefs and values of a nation. A strong entertainment industry, therefore, is important to the development of a strong national identity. American words heard on movies, TV etc have buried themselves deep within the Australian language e.g. bro, dude chill out, cool By 1980, there were 105 McDonalds stores throughout the Australia. These outletsRead MoreMental Illness And Its Effects On Your Mood, Thinking, And Behavior1432 Words   |  6 Pagesstarted shooing him away as if he was some sort of pest. I felt horrible for him and the way he was treated but I couldn’t do anything about it also being a young boy watching from the window.  Sociology the science or study of the origin, development, organization, and functioning of human society; the science of the fundamental laws of social relations, institutions, etc.  Discrimination Discrimination is defined as the unfair treatment of different categories of people, especially onRead MoreMarketing Mix of Ea Sports990 Words   |  4 Pagesor basketball games based on both NBA Live and Madden NFL. The earlier titles released until 1996 are referred by fans as the classic series. There are several other series, including F1 Championship (discontinued after Sony acquired the exclusive license for the Formula 1 championship), Super bike and others with a limited distribution such as AFL PRODUCT LINE amp; PRODUCT MIX IS DETAILED BELOW:- Place : – Original HQ in San Mateo, California moved to Redwood City in 1998 Origin SystemsRead MoreGender Differences Between Women And Men Speak981 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Sex Differences† is an essay written by a professor of linguistics named Ronald Macaulay. In the essay, he pointed out that there were no gender differences regarding to language development. He talked about various stereotypes about how men and women speak. He also explains in depth about how social environment made an impact on the talking between men and women. He also concluded that those linguists who still believe in that theory only continue to do so even if what they found in their research

Online Dating Advantages Free Essays

Some advantages and disavantages in online dating. Now days online dating hvae become so commun that everyone know a site or two where can meet or interact with other people becoming making it easy to become part of the online dating trend. But veryb seldon anyone couciously stop to think and anlyze the advantages or disavantages in online dating. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Dating Advantages or any similar topic only for you Order Now In today’s world everything goes so fast that it seem’s 24 hour days are over for ever, every one is short of time. People running to school, work, appointments, that realistically there is no time to just go out to socialized and interact with friends or just go out. Online Dating, have filled this human need to be loved or wanted by some one else by just flipping tha computer switch or pushing a button. Instantly you have complete access to online world that where you can shoose to be part of to share your momories, fotos,tastes, likes and dislikes to the world. There are two words that plays a key role to the online dating phenomenun; free and instantly. You can freely bacome part of a online community and instatly intereract with those that accept you all for free, bringing this interaction up to your creativity and inmagination to meet as many and different people you would like. Even though, it can be very advantegeous to meet new people online and date,there are deffenetelly some important disavantages to consider. Online dating make it for the most part very easy to interact with so many people at differente place at different time , that you are constantly bonbard with a lot of possibilities. You can date someone today and tomrrow you could date someone else. According to a survey done by fox news, 60 % of online dating participants are actually dating two or more person at the same time. According to the report most people that are engage in online dating, feel that online is just another world , another set of values, nothing like could be judge as real. Moral and values that tend to be pracitce when meeting someone on a local school or live occassion wouldn’t apply to those people met online. For one reason or another, online Dating keep beeing a growing trend, more youngster then ever have access to the internet and actually interacting with others on social sites and dating sites. With advantages and Disavantages today many online users are just so accostome to the online world that they have not even consider any dissavantages since its have just become a way of life. Online dating will continue benefiting those users that engage in an intelligente mature way or disgracing those that have poor judgment. How to cite Online Dating Advantages, Papers

Mac Beth Essay Example For Students

Mac Beth Essay In Shakespeares Macbeth, the lead character, Macbeth, is presented with a choice of right or wrong.The wrong choice was made, and the outcome ended in tragedy. The murders Macbeth commits lead to his loss of morals and his soul. The first murder was thought out, yet as the play developed Macbeth began to kill on impulse. This lack of judgment is what led Macbeth to his inevitable downfall. Before Macbeth killed Duncan, his beliefs and morals were very strong. He was known as heroic and patriotic towards his country. His feelings toward the king were as strong as his feelings for his country. He respected king Duncan and king Duncan felt the same towards Macbeth. Throughout the first act, it is clearly shown that Macbeth is an honest, noble, valiant, and dependable warrior, these are descriptions of Macbeth made by the soldier, Duncan and Lady Macbeth. Doubtful it stood upon our battlements(Act 1, Scene 2 L9-25)O valiant cousin! Worthy gentleman(Act 1, Scene 2 L26)Yet do I fear thy nature; It is too full o milk of human kindness (Act 1 Scene 5 L15) Macbeth wrote to Lady Macbeth to tell of the witchs prophecies that, if true, may change her title queen of Scotland. Lady Macbeth then started to plan to kill Duncan to make her title true. Macbeth had a lot of trouble with the idea of killing the king. Macbeth really wanted to be king, but did not want to have to kill for the title. Macbeth went through all the consequences that killing Duncan would result in and came to the conclusion not to do it at first. His thoughts changed after Lady Macbeth gave him answers to all his questions of judgment after death, or during life, his duties as a subject to the king, Duncans virtues and how the people of Scotland would react. This made him confident in the choice to kill Duncan and take his title of king and make it his own. After Macbeth kills king Duncan, he lost all morals he had and therefore he loses his soul. After the murder, Macbeth changes dramatically. Immediately after, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth discuss the apparitions, hallucination and nightmares they both have had. Methought, I heard a voice cry, Sleep no more! in lifes feast(Act 2 Scene 2 L47-52)Did you not speak?(Act 2 Scene 2 L21) In the days that follow, which consist of no food or sleep, for Macbeth has lost his appetite, he becomes consumed with the witchs prophecies. Macbeth decides that he must kill Banquo and his son, Fleance, because the witches had said that Banquo would be father to a king. This would put a major flaw in Macbeths kingships. Without thought or hesitation he acts on his impulse and kills Banquo. That act alone shows Macbeth has lost his soul. He had so many worries about killing Duncan. It took so much persuading to kill him, yet, he kills Banquo without any remorse. To be thus is nothing;And champion me to the utterance!Whos there?(Act 3 Scene 1 L52-76) Macbeth begins to see the ghost of Banquo and through that it is clear he is losing his sanity. Macbeth trust no one and all the praise he had been receiving before the death of Duncan stopped. People began to lose respect for him. When Macduff does not show up at Macbeths banquet and learned that he fled to England, Macbeth was offended and decides he must kill Macduffs family for revenge. This incident shows his loss of morals and lack of judgment in making important decisions. .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c , .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c .postImageUrl , .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c , .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c:hover , .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c:visited , .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c:active { border:0!important; } .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c:active , .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue9a933145bd0eca78d1cc56d6566a72c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mirror Dance EssayThe flightly purpose never is oertook Unless with deed go with it (Act 4 Scene 1 159-160) The witchs prophecies are a major element in Macbeths downfall. It was the witches who planed to make Macbeth feel over confidant in his choices. When Macbeth came to them the second time the witches lead him to believe that he would not be killed by any man born of a woman. Macbeth would only be defeated when the trees of Birnam Woods move towards his castle and lastly warned him to beware of Macduff. These prophecies made Macbeth very confidant in himself, for he knew these would be true because all the prophecies given to him by the witches have come true. This st rong belief in himself eventually killed him. That will never be: to time, and mortal custom(Act 4 Scene 1 L103-109)The second element in his downfall was Lady Macbeth. She convinced Macbeth that he wanted the crown enough to kill for it. She called him a coward and undependable. Lady Macbeth used tactics such as these to anger Macbeth into killing Duncan with her. If Macbeth would not have believed so strongly in what the witches had told him, he would not have done the things he did, which resulted in the loss of his soul. Again being influenced, this time by Lady Macbeth, into killing Duncan rather than waiting until Duncan died naturally. These incidents show, Macbeths inability to make decisions on his own. Which thou esteemst the ornament of life,And live a coward in thine own esteem,Letting I dare not wait upon I would,Like the poor cat I the adage?(Act 1 Scene 7 L45-48)Macbeths choices throughout the play led to his downfall. The murders Macbeth committed resulted in the loss of his morals, sanity and soul. Macbeths lac k of judgment and his impulsive actions is clearly shown throughout the essay. His overconfidence in himself inevitably led to his death.